焦炉煤气(简称COG ) 是炼焦过程中, 在产出焦炭和焦油产品的同时所得到的可燃气体,是炼焦过程中最重要的副产品。COG主要由氢气和甲烷构成，分别占56%和27%，并有少量一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氮气、氧气和其他烃类；其热值约为4400大卡/方，天然气热值为8500大卡/方，焦炉煤气热值约为天然气的一半。我国每年焦炉气年产量超千亿立方米，如此之大的产量，如果能够得到充分合理的利用，所带来的经济效益和环境效益都将是巨大的。因此，笔者探讨了焦炉煤气的各种利用途径，并结合钢铁企业的实际情况,  分别对其进行了分析。

　　Coke oven gas (COG) is a combustible gas obtained during the coking process, which produces coke and tar products. It is the most important byproduct of the coking process. COG is mainly composed of hydrogen and methane, accounting for 56% and 27% respectively, with small amounts of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and other hydrocarbons; Its calorific value is about 4400 kcal/m3, natural gas calorific value is 8500 kcal/m3, and coke oven gas calorific value is about half of natural gas. China's annual production of coke oven gas exceeds 100 billion cubic meters. If such a large output can be fully and reasonably utilized, the economic and environmental benefits it brings will be enormous. Therefore, the author explored various utilization methods of coke oven gas and analyzed them separately based on the actual situation of steel enterprises.

　　焦炉煤气的主要利用途径

　　The main utilization methods of coke oven gas

　　1、加热燃料焦炉煤气的传统利用方式是作为不同加热设备的气体燃料。与固体燃料相比较, 有使用便捷、可以管道输送和传热效率高等优点, 受到工业和民用的青睐。工业燃气: 焦炉煤气作为气体燃料, 可用于焦炉加热、轧钢加热炉、高炉热风炉、烧结点火等。但随着企业内能量利用率的提高和替代燃料(如高炉煤气) 的使用, 加热所需要的焦炉煤气量将不断减少。民用燃气: 焦化厂生产的焦炉煤气经过净化后, 作为燃气可供当地居民使用。但是, 近几年来随着西气东输工程的实施, 沿线大中城市作为民用燃料的焦炉煤气将逐渐被天然气替代(例如北京居民用燃气已全部采用天然气)。所以,这部分焦炉煤气的需求量也在逐渐减少。综上所述, 虽然目前作为加热燃料仍是焦炉煤气的主要利用途径之一, 但其焦炉煤气的需求量正在逐渐下降。

　　1. The traditional way of using coke oven gas as heating fuel is as gas fuel for different heating equipment. Compared with solid fuels, it has the advantages of convenient use, pipeline transportation, and high heat transfer efficiency, and is favored by both industry and civilian use. Industrial gas: Coke oven gas, as a gas fuel, can be used for coke oven heating, steel rolling heating furnaces, blast furnace hot blast stoves, sintering ignition, etc. But with the improvement of energy utilization efficiency within enterprises and the use of alternative fuels such as blast furnace gas, the amount of coke oven gas required for heating will continue to decrease. Civilian gas: After purification, the coke oven gas produced by coking plants can be used as gas for local residents. However, in recent years, with the implementation of the West East Gas Pipeline Project, coke oven gas, which is used as a civilian fuel in large and medium-sized cities along the route, will gradually be replaced by natural gas (for example, natural gas has been used exclusively for residential gas in Beijing). So, the demand for coke oven gas in this part is gradually decreasing. In summary, although coke oven gas is still one of the main utilization methods as a heating fuel, its demand is gradually decreasing.

　　2、用于发电将焦炉煤气用于发电，是近几年来焦炉煤气的主要利用途径之一。我国焦炉煤气发电一般有三种方式: 蒸气发电、燃气轮机发电和内燃机发电。对于独立焦化厂而言, 在利用焦炉煤气发电时, 多采用的是燃气内燃机技术, 其设备投资较小且焦炉煤气成本低, 所以经济效益显著。而对于国内大中型钢铁企业而言, 在利用焦炉煤气发电时, 多采用的是燃气-蒸气联合循环发电技术(CCPP), 普遍存在设备一次性投资大、维护及备件费用高、电价居高不下等问题。由此看来, 对于钢铁企业内部的焦化厂发电并不是利用焦炉煤气的最佳途径。

　　2. The use of coke oven gas for power generation has been one of the main ways of utilizing coke oven gas in recent years. There are generally three ways to generate electricity from coke oven gas in China: steam power generation, gas turbine power generation, and internal combustion engine power generation. For independent coking plants, when using coke oven gas for power generation, gas internal combustion engine technology is often used, which has a small equipment investment and low cost of coke oven gas, resulting in significant economic benefits. For large and medium-sized domestic steel enterprises, when using coke oven gas for power generation, they mostly adopt gas steam combined cycle power generation technology (CCPP), which generally has problems such as large one-time equipment investment, high maintenance and spare parts costs, and high electricity prices. From this perspective, using coke oven gas for power generation in coking plants within steel enterprises is not the best way.

　　3、焦炉煤气生产纯氢焦炉煤气中氢气资源相当丰富, 氢气的体积百分含量超过50%。目前利用焦炉煤气制氢的方法主要有深冷法和变压吸附法。深冷法是利用焦炉气中各主要成分冷凝温度的不同, 以深度冷冻部分冷凝的方法使氢与其它气体组分分离, 最后用液氮洗以脱除气体中剩余的CO 和CH4, 最终得到的气体中含有83% ~88%的氢, 其余为氮。深冷法是COG 制氢应用最早、技术最成熟的方法, 适宜于焦炉气的综合利用, 它不仅能回收氢气, 还能回收CH4、CO等。但其缺点是所用设备复杂且需在高压下操作, 这使得深冷装置投资大、运转费用高、投资回收期长, 因此难以被大多数焦化厂接受。变压吸附法(PSA法) 是利用气体组分在固体材料上吸附特性的差异以及吸附量随压力变化而变化的特性, 通过周期性的压力变换过程实现气体的分离或提纯。PSA法利用焦炉煤气生产纯H2, 在我国已有多年的历史, 其生产技术成熟, 经济合理, 特别是与水电解法制H2比较,效益更显著。但焦炉煤气生产纯H2存在必须具备管道输送的固定用户的限制, 一旦用户发生变化, 很难维持正常生产, 只能转产。综上所述, 虽然利用焦炉煤气生产氢气的技术成熟且经济合理, 但受氢气产量的限制, 其焦炉煤气消耗量并不大。因此, 制氢气并不能作为钢铁企业利用焦炉煤气的主要途径。

　　3. The production of pure hydrogen from coke oven gas is rich in hydrogen resources, with a volume percentage content of over 50%. At present, the main methods for producing hydrogen using coke oven gas are cryogenic method and pressure swing adsorption method. The cryogenic method utilizes the different condensation temperatures of the main components in coke oven gas to separate hydrogen from other gas components through deep freezing partial condensation. Finally, the gas is washed with liquid nitrogen to remove the remaining CO and CH4. The resulting gas contains 83% to 88% hydrogen and the rest is nitrogen. The cryogenic method is the earliest and most mature application of COG hydrogen production technology, suitable for the comprehensive utilization of coke oven gas. It can not only recover hydrogen, but also recover CH4, CO, etc. But its disadvantage is that the equipment used is complex and needs to be operated under high pressure, which makes the investment of cryogenic equipment large, the operating cost high, and the investment recovery period long, making it difficult for most coking plants to accept. The pressure swing adsorption (PSA) method utilizes the differences in adsorption characteristics of gas components on solid materials and the characteristic that the adsorption amount changes with pressure, to achieve gas separation or purification through periodic pressure transformation processes. The PSA method uses coke oven gas to produce pure H2, which has a history of many years in China. Its production technology is mature and economically reasonable, especially compared with the water electrolysis method for H2, the benefits are more significant. However, the production of pure H2 from coke oven gas has the limitation of having a fixed user for pipeline transportation. Once the user changes, it is difficult to maintain normal production and can only be converted. In summary, although the technology of using coke oven gas to produce hydrogen is mature and economically reasonable, its consumption of coke oven gas is not significant due to the limitation of hydrogen production. Therefore, hydrogen production cannot be the main way for steel enterprises to utilize coke oven gas.

　　4、合成甲醇焦炉煤气组分中甲烷含量(体积分数) 为24% ~ 28%, 只需将甲烷转化成一定比例的CO和H2, 即可大体满足合成甲醇的合成气比例要求。合成甲醇的主要反应如下:CO+2H2=CH3OH+QCO2+3H2=CH3OH+H2O+Q煤气中甲烷及高碳烃转化成合成气后, 在60MPa压强下即可完成甲醇合成, 流程短, 反应速度快, 焦炉煤气利用率高, 一般2000~2200m3焦炉煤气生产1t甲醇。对于钢铁企业而言, 要利用焦炉煤气合成甲醇主要存在以下两方面问题:

　　4. The methane content (volume fraction) in the composition of the coke oven gas for synthesizing methanol is 24% to 28%. By converting methane into a certain proportion of CO and H2, the synthesis gas ratio requirements for synthesizing methanol can be roughly met. The main reactions for synthesizing methanol are as follows: CO+2H2=CH3OH+QCO2+3H2=CH3OH+H2O+Q After methane and high carbon hydrocarbons in the gas are converted into synthesis gas, methanol synthesis can be completed at a pressure of 60MPa. The process is short, the reaction rate is fast, and the utilization rate of coke oven gas is high. Generally, 2000-2200m3 coke oven gas produces 1 ton of methanol. For steel enterprises, there are two main problems in using coke oven gas to synthesize methanol:

　　①需要有充足的焦炉煤气富余量。生产1t甲醇需消耗2000~2200m3 的焦炉煤气, 一个年产10万t甲醇的项目每小时焦炉煤气的消耗量为25000m3。

　　① Adequate surplus coke oven gas is required. Producing 1 ton of methanol requires a consumption of 2000-220m3 of coke oven gas, and a project with an annual output of 100000 tons of methanol consumes 25000 m3 of coke oven gas per hour.

　　②投资规模较大。一个年产20万t甲烷的项目, 总投资高达4亿元。

　　② The investment scale is relatively large. A project with an annual output of 200000 tons of methane, with a total investment of up to 400 million yuan.

　　5、生产直接还原铁理论上讲, 焦炉煤气不需要经过热裂解, 就可直接供给气基竖炉生产海绵铁。其工艺过程为: 将焦炉煤气和竖炉顶气混合而成的还原气在加热炉中加热, 然后直接通入到直接还原炉中生产直接还原铁(DRI)。在此过程中, 焦炉煤气作为还原过程的还原气, 而高炉煤气则作为燃料用于加热还原气体。然而, 利用焦炉煤气生产直接还原铁, 虽然技术上可行, 但距离规模化、产业化应用还有一定的距离。焦炉煤气生产DRI没有发展起来,有两大主要原因:

　　5. In theory, direct reduction iron production can be achieved by supplying coke oven gas directly to a gas based vertical furnace for sponge iron production without the need for thermal cracking. The process involves heating the reducing gas made by mixing coke oven gas and vertical furnace top gas in a heating furnace, and then directly introducing it into a direct reduction furnace to produce direct reduced iron (DRI). During this process, coke oven gas is used as the reducing gas for the reduction process, while blast furnace gas is used as fuel to heat the reducing gas. However, although the use of coke oven gas to produce directly reduced iron is technically feasible, there is still a certain distance to go before it can be scaled up and industrialized. There are two main reasons why the production of DRI from coke oven gas has not developed:

　　(1) 焦炉煤气资源问题对于钢铁企业内部的焦化厂而言, 焦炉煤气主要用于钢铁厂内热能平衡, 其富余的焦炉煤气量不足以供应DRI的生产需求。而对于独立焦化企业而言, 焦炉煤气约40%~50%用于加热焦炉, 其剩余气量也很难满足DRI生产的需要。近几年来, 虽然焦炭生产能力大幅度提高, 产生了大量富余焦炉煤气。然而, 根据Midrex 法换算, 生产1tDRI需要约700m3焦炉煤气, 年产100万tDRI需7亿m3焦炉煤气, 相当于一个300万t的焦化厂一年产生的全部焦炉煤气量。无论是钢铁厂中的焦化厂还是独立焦化厂, 目前都很难在一个地点集中7亿m3 的焦炉煤气。

　　(1) For coking plants within steel enterprises, the issue of coke oven gas resources is mainly used for thermal energy balance. The surplus coke oven gas is not sufficient to meet the production needs of DRI. For independent coking enterprises, about 40% to 50% of coke oven gas is used to heat the coke oven, and the remaining gas volume is also difficult to meet the needs of DRI production. In recent years, although the production capacity of coke has significantly increased, a large amount of surplus coke oven gas has been generated. However, according to the Midrex method, producing 1 tDRI requires approximately 700 m3 of coke oven gas, and producing 1 million tDRI annually requires 700 million m3 of coke oven gas, which is equivalent to the total amount of coke oven gas produced by a 3 million ton coking plant in one year. It is currently difficult to concentrate 700 million cubic meters of coke oven gas in one locations, whether it is a coking plant in a steel plant or an independent coking plant.

　　(2) 富铁矿资源问题生产DRI是固态还原, 与高炉炼铁相比,不能排渣, 因此要求铁矿品位在66%以上。中国没有高品位铁矿, 要生产直接还原铁必须依赖人造富矿或进口高品位铁矿, 而这大幅增加了生产DRI的成本, 为焦炉煤气生产直接还原铁制造了障碍。综上所述, 在目前的原料、燃料条件下, 要将焦炉煤气生产直接还原铁技术规模化、产业化仍有一段较长的路要走。

　　(2) The production of DRI from rich iron ore resources requires solid-state reduction, which cannot discharge slag compared to blast furnace ironmaking. Therefore, it is required that the iron ore grade be above 66%. China does not have high-grade iron ore, and to produce direct reduced iron, it must rely on artificial rich ore or imported high-grade iron ore, which significantly increases the cost of producing DRI and creates obstacles for the production of direct reduced iron from coke oven gas. In summary, under the current conditions of raw materials and fuels, there is still a long way to go to scale and industrialize the direct reduction of iron technology from coke oven gas production.

　　6、高炉喷吹焦炉煤气高炉喷吹焦炉煤气是指将焦炉产生的多余的焦炉煤气经过净化处理, 通过设备加压至高于风口压力, 然后利用类似喷煤的喷吹设施, 通过各个支管喷入高炉风口。高炉喷吹焦炉煤气的主要工艺特点如下:

　　6. Blast furnace injection of coke oven gas refers to purifying the excess coke oven gas produced by the coke oven, pressurizing it to a pressure higher than the tuyere pressure through equipment, and then using injection facilities similar to coal injection to inject it into the tuyere of the blast furnace through various branch pipes. The main process characteristics of injecting coke oven gas into blast furnaces are as follows:

　　①为高炉提供更好的还原剂;

　　① Provide better reducing agents for blast furnaces;

　　②还原产物环保;

　　② Environmental protection of reduced products;

　　③提高焦炉煤气价值, 改善能量利用率;

　　③ Enhance the value of coke oven gas and improve energy utilization efficiency;

　　④喷吹工艺简便, 技术成熟, 设备投资小。目前高炉喷吹焦炉煤气的最大问题是焦炉煤气的来源。作为优质燃料的焦炉煤气在各钢铁厂普遍存在着供应紧缺的现象。然而, 从国内总体状况和各企业的实际情况分析, 仍然存在许多规模和数量不等的焦炉煤气供应源。对于有焦化厂的钢铁联合企业, 自产焦炉煤气基本得到利用,主要用于焦炉加热、轧钢加热炉、高炉热风炉、烧结点火以及燃烧发电等。但是, 随着企业内能量利用率的提高和替代燃料的使用, 加热所需要的焦炉煤气将不断减少, 焦炉煤气会有一定的富裕量供高炉喷吹。另外, 基于上面的分析, 将焦炉煤气用于发电的成本远远高于将焦炉煤气用于高炉喷吹, 所以将用于发电的焦炉煤气也改用高炉喷吹, 则能更好地体现焦炉煤气的价值和使用效果。

　　④ The spraying process is simple, the technology is mature, and the equipment investment is small. The biggest problem with injecting coke oven gas into blast furnaces at present is the source of coke oven gas. As a high-quality fuel, coke oven gas is commonly in short supply in various steel plants. However, based on the overall situation in China and the actual situation of various enterprises, there are still many coke oven gas supply sources of varying scales and quantities. For steel joint ventures with coking plants, self-produced coke oven gas is basically utilized, mainly used for coke oven heating, steel rolling heating furnace, blast furnace hot blast stove, sintering ignition, and combustion power generation. However, with the improvement of energy utilization efficiency within enterprises and the use of alternative fuels, the amount of coke oven gas required for heating will continue to decrease, and there will be a certain surplus of coke oven gas for blast furnace injection. In addition, based on the above analysis, the cost of using coke oven gas for power generation is much higher than using coke oven gas for blast furnace injection. Therefore, switching to blast furnace injection for coke oven gas used for power generation can better reflect the value and effectiveness of coke oven gas.

　　因此, 对钢铁联合企业来说, 应尽可能多地将焦炉煤气供给高炉喷吹。综上所述, 高炉喷吹焦炉煤气具有工艺成熟、设备技术投资小、运行成本低等优点。但是需要特别指出的是, 在焦炉煤气的供应量相对并不多, 且存在一定的波动的情况下, 高炉喷吹焦炉煤气不是喷煤的替代品, 而是喷煤的补充和完善, 以期获得最佳的经济效益。

　　Therefore, for steel joint ventures, as much coke oven gas as possible should be supplied to blast furnaces for injection. In summary, injecting coke oven gas into blast furnaces has the advantages of mature technology, low equipment and technology investment, and low operating costs. However, it should be pointed out that in the case where the supply of coke oven gas is relatively small and there are certain fluctuations, injecting coke oven gas into blast furnaces is not a substitute for coal injection, but a supplement and improvement to coal injection, in order to achieve the best economic benefits.

　　结论

　　Conclusion

　　(1) 焦炉煤气用作加热燃料, 仍是目前焦炉煤气的主要利用途径之一, 但焦炉煤气的需求量正在逐渐下降。

　　(1) The use of coke oven gas as heating fuel is still one of the main ways of utilizing coke oven gas, but the demand for coke oven gas is gradually decreasing.

　　(2) 对于独立焦化厂而言, 利用焦炉煤气发电时经济效益显著。而对于国内大中型钢铁企业而言, 利用焦炉煤气发电时, 普遍存在设备一次性投资大、维护及备件费用高、电价居高不下等问题。

　　(2) For independent coking plants, the economic benefits are significant when using coke oven gas for power generation. For large and medium-sized domestic steel enterprises, when using coke oven gas for power generation, there are generally problems such as large one-time equipment investment, high maintenance and spare parts costs, and high electricity prices.

　　(3) 利用焦炉煤气生产氢气的技术成熟且经济合理, 但受氢气产量的限制, 其并不能作为钢铁企业利用焦炉煤气的主要途径。

　　(3) The technology of using coke oven gas to produce hydrogen is mature and economically reasonable, but due to the limitation of hydrogen production, it cannot be used as the main way for steel enterprises to utilize coke oven gas.

　　(4) 目前利用焦炉煤气生产甲醇的焦化厂多为独立焦化厂。对于钢铁企业而言, 其主要存在的问题是, 没有充足的焦炉煤气富余量且投资规模较大。

　　(4) At present, most coking plants that use coke oven gas to produce methanol are independent coking plants. For steel companies, the main problem is the lack of sufficient surplus coke oven gas and large investment scale.

　　(5) 利用焦炉煤气生产直接还原铁技术, 虽然在技术上可行, 但在目前的原料、燃料条件下,要将其规模化、产业化仍有一段较长的路要走。

　　(5) Although the technology of using coke oven gas to produce direct reduced iron is technically feasible, there is still a long way to go to scale and industrialize it under current raw material and fuel conditions.

　　(6)高炉喷吹焦炉煤气技术具有工艺成熟、设备技术投资小、运行成本低等优点。而且, 其最终还原产物为水, 这样就减少了高炉的CO2排放, 对于高炉的节能减排具有十分重要的意义。

　　(6) The technology of injecting coke oven gas into blast furnaces has the advantages of mature process, low equipment and technology investment, and low operating costs. Moreover, its final reduction product is water, which reduces the CO2 emissions of the blast furnace and is of great significance for energy conservation and emission reduction of the blast furnace.

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